Case Analysis Andrea Yates Trial - 1061 Words

Abstract On June 20, 2001, Andrea Yates committed one of the evil act in society. She drowned her five children after claiming that a voice told her to do it. Andrea Yates defense attorney enters a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. The conviction in 2001 was overturned on appeal. First Court of Appeals reverses Yates capital murder conviction and remands it to trial court and found her guilty by reason of insanity in 2006. This paper will relate the facts of the trial and the case study, argument against and for the verdict. The psychological assessments and how they affected the criminal proceeding and verdict. CASE STUDY OF A CRIMINAL OFFENDER During the criminal proceeding of the Andrea trial there were several mental health professionals that were call by the defense to testify in the first trial, including several of her treating psychiatrist. In the Yates trial, both defense and prosecution experts agreed on three issues, Yates suffered from a mental disease, she knew that her conduct was against the law and that a subjective moral wrongfulness issue had to be considered (Resnick P,2007). In the Yates case, the legal test in Texas was: â€Å"at the time of the conduct charged, the person, because of severe mental disease or defect, did not know that her conduct was wrong, (Texas Penal Code  § 8.01.). Yates had a long history of mental illness and prior to the death of her children she twice attempted suicide, was diagnosed with recurrent postpartum depressionShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis of Andrea Yates Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pages XXJUN2012 PS208 Case Analysis of Andrea Yates After close review and careful analysis of the case of Andrea Yates and the circumstances which led to the drowning death and murder of her five children, I first would like to state my personal opinion on the conclusion of the case which was the majority consensus at the time of her trial and sentencing. She was guilty of a horrible murder and although certainly had mental problemsRead MoreSociological Factors Of Society s Behavior Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pageschildren (2008). The Andrea Yates case was chosen as the focus of this paper because it perfectly illustrates the impact of external and internal forces, which can drive a woman to commit a violent crime and societies reaction to those crimes. Andrea Yates A brief synopsis of the Yates case is required for better understanding of the theories this document attributes to her crime. On June 20, 2001, in Clear Lake, Texas a small bedroom community located in Harris County, Andrea Yates drowned her fiveRead MorePredatory Or Affective Aggression : An Analysis Of Andrea Yates2322 Words   |  10 PagesPredatory or Affective Aggression: An Analysis of Andrea Yates The case of Andrea Yates shows that many factors may contribute to the commission of a crime. These range from psychological and biological factors such as mental disorders, cognitions, and neurological conditions to the sociological influences on a person’s life. Two psycho-biologically distinctive modes of aggression, affective and predatory, have received substantial experimental and clinical attention during the past 30 years. 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According to this concept, Hinckley committed his crime obliviousRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOtt awa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagespossession is exorcism How to diagnose the Handiwork of the Devil Trial by ordeal: accused would carry hot iron or walk on hot coals then they would wrap their wound, if the wounds werent infected, God had intervened and if they were infected he hadnt Trial by cold water: accused would have their hands and feet tied. if they sank, they were innocent; if they floated they were not 5 types of evidence to convict Trial by clever test: individual would have to say the Lord’s Prayer. ThoseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Career as a Travel Agent - 700 Words

A Career as a Travel Agent Contents page 1. Introduction 1.1 Definition Description 1.2 Aims 2. Discussion 2.1 History 2.2 Qualification/ Skills/ Requirements 2.3 Salary 2.4 Prospects 3. Conclusion 4. Recommendations Bibliography 1. Introduction 1.1 definition and description A Travel consultant is a person that arranges travel packages on behave of other people witch can include, flights, insurance, accommodation, tours and transfers. Most travel consultants usually have experienced many holidays domestically or internationally. Therefore being able to over information on what are good places to stay, what are the best tours, favourite places to eat and good places for shopping. Most travel†¦show more content†¦American society of travel ages is the biggest travel agency in the world they started an American steamship and tourism agent association in 1931 that then took people all over seas it has been one of the primary watch dogs ever since. 2.2qualifications To become a travel agent the following qualifications are a must - completion of secondary school - classes in travel planning, these are offered by large travel agents, i.e.; flight centre or vocational school - a degree In travel and tourism from tafe or online -Some travel agents would prefer if you have completed courses in computer -science, foreign langue’s and geography world history 2.2 salary Like most jobs travel agents sit on a salary. The amount you get a year depends on yo0ur qualifications, where you work and what your position is. Travel agents sit on starting $36.000 to average salary at $40.000 and to $50.000 for senior. The travel agents work about 38 hours a week. In recent surveys it shows that there are more females that work in travel agency than males. 2.3 prospects Being a travel agent is good there are quite a few places you can work, i.e.; flight centre or student flights and many more. You could even open your own travel agency up yourself. Being a travel you can get the opportunity to travel all around the world, to guide and inform customers on what are goodShow MoreRelatedThe Continued Necessity Of Travel Agents During The Internet Era Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Continued Necessity of Travel Agents in the Internet Era The primary thesis of Lam’s (2016) article is to define the negative impact of the Internet on employment opportunities for tourist agents in the United States, yet to also define the continued necessity of the tourist agent as an extremely asset to the tourist industry. 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Math 533 †Ams Free Essays

AIMS I will be going over data provided about our customers based oftener location, Income size, household size, years at current location, and the credit balance they carry with our company. Using statistical analysis we can learn more about our customers and hopefully use this information to provide better services to our customers in the future to keep them customers for life. In my analysis I will go over the following: * Customer Location * Customer Income * Store Credit Balance * Credit Balance Compared to Income Level Household Size Compared to Household Location * Household Size Compared to Income Level Where the customer lives, their Income level and the balance they hold with the company are good Indicators of customer loyalty. We will write a custom essay sample on Math 533 – Ams or any similar topic only for you Order Now Extending credit to our customers is a good faith way of us showing the customer that we want their business and are willing to take time to pay off their purchases. Before I fully analyze the numbers I would assume that the greater the income level the more they are charging. They have the financial meaner to pay the monthly payments and can keep a high balance. Customer location is important because it can help tell us how often you frequent the store. Someone in an urban area might shop 4+ times a month, where someone in a rural area might only shop once a month. But the person shopping 4+ times a month might be spending less than the person living in the rural area who can only come once a month because of distance Issues. Credit balance compared to Income level shows us how much higher Income customers are spending. Comparing the household size to the location can give us a feel for where the families are living marred to the single parent or single person households are. You can use this kind of information to market and advertise special sales as necessary. Finally household size compared to the income level will show us how much large families are spending and how often. This can also be useful to market big sales. Customer Location The above representation is a pie chart which shows are clients’ demographic locations. Of the 50 customers used in our sampling the greatest numbers of our clients are In the Urban region, with the rural region being the least frequented. Of the sample we concluded that: eve In an urban area live in a suburban area * 26% live in a rural area This is in my opinion an expected outcome. The ability to come to our store is much greater for those living in suburban and urban areas because it is closer to their proximity. While residents in the rural communities do frequent our stores they do so on a less frequent basis. Further investigation might be able to show that rural residents could possibly shop less frequently, but spend more per trip than someone in the urban area. Customer Income This simple bar graph shows the income level in the $1,000 How to cite Math 533 – Ams, Papers

Strategic Information System Citizens Gas Company

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Information System for Citizens Gas Company. Answer: Introduction and Overview of the report The term market implies exchange of products and services from buyers to sellers in terms of money. There are many types of industries associated with different products and services and different organizations have different competitive and financial policy based on its work portfolio management. In the sector of oil and gas industries, the change in demand and supply of customer affects an entire spectrum of market; which led the company management to face a huge loss criterion. Based on the concept of gas industry, this assignment has reflected below. In the discussion criteria of CGSs new system the researcher has explained in depth the concept of need for market information, accuracy, use of frequency, requirements of turnaround, support, data environment processing and benefit of cost analysis with respect to an organizational management. Whereas, in identification and incorporation of data of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) system the researcher has manipulated the concept of numbe r of customers, data of weather, factors of heating, forecasting of sales, unit demand of the customer, structure of customer rate, terms of suppliers contract, capacity of storage field and system of priority with respect to company management. The researcher has discussed the overview of the report in the first few stanzas; whereas the identification of the information that must be integrate into company new system to provide appropriate capability of planning and the criteria to consider in specifying the structure and features of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system has been sorely explained below it necessary diagram and figures. Overview of the report In the present scenario of the case study, the company name Citizens Gas Company provides the service of natural gas to more than two lac customers. In these company segments, the customer base is divided into three general sectors which comprises of residential, commercial and industrial with its different source of revenue; whereas each segments of customers are defined into different levels of comparison. For instance, the usage of residential customer is highly parallel with the climate conditions; the traditional consumer usage is duly climate dependent; while the use of industrial customer is generalized into certain organization factors. The organization management purchase natural gas from nearly ten pipeline industries with contract tenure of ten to fifteen years. The supply chain management totally depends upon the weathering conditions. The company management uses the amount of contract as the volume of the gas specified in the agreement. The company is working very strong ly to maintain the demands and supply with different segments of customers in the market. The company uses its service portfolio based on the curtail service. In recent years, the company is not being able to control the supply to establish the long term contracts. The customer demand is totally dependent to a number of customers. To overcome the issue; the company hired a director of corporate planning to make the systemization in monthly gas plan during the year; and increase the operating incomes of a company management. Discussion of criteria to consider the specified features and structures of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system In context to the relevant case study provided on Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system, there are various ways to consider the specified features which generally include the following: need for market information, accuracy, and use of frequency, requirements of turnaround, support, data environment processing and benefit of cost analysis (Arvidsson, Holmstrom and Lyytinen 2014). Requirement for information of market: The factors of core strategy that may affect the supply and demand for the organizational management must be unique; their crucial importance must be taken into consideration and the effect of the quantity must be equally quantified. Accuracy: The level of accuracy that is needed for the system mainly determines the required detail level, input data quantity, and the standardisation of the scheme logic (Osterle 2013). While the scheme should be systematically manipulated and designed to issue the match accuracy that is sorely need and sudden care should be taken to manipulate the maximum effort that is not spent in specified areas; when the entire accuracy is minimum to the planning of the environment (Liu and Wang 2014). Use of frequency: The system of frequency must provide the certain directions to the level of sophistication and automation that is required. If the scheme is to be used once in a month to articulate the effort of the latest data; it must be adequate to establish a minimum standardisation system (Burgelman 2012). If it contains varieties of alternatives evaluation then the concept of online system is more efficient and desirable. Figure 1: Structure of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system (Source: Chen, Ye and Yi 2013, pp-638) Requirements of turnaround: The requirements of timely and scheduled meetings must be reporting in monthly basis to provide guidance to the degree of level of complexity and automation that will be appropriate (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). The reason behind this is that the scheme must be used for the purpose of multi planning tactical and multiyear planning; the system should be manipulated and designed for providing fast results turnaround at the end of the month (Turner 2014). Apart from these, certain considerations must be taken for minimising the requirements of data input. Benefit of cost analysis: The adoption and the implementation of a new system in an organizational management must be justified based on a cost benefit analysis (Rothaermel 2015). Data environment processing: Now-a-days, the system of planning requires computer resources with significant amount both in terms of data storage and in processing of time (Fujili 2016). Support: The personnel of company management should be able to assist the scheme ongoing basis. This normally includes collecting and entering various data and information as well as scheme system updating (Melewar, Gambetti and Martin 2014). The burden of support must be in low rate to avoid the lack of system reporting simplifying assumptions. If the system does not maintained and modified; it results a fall in the disrepair state (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). All the necessary factors mentioned above, is very important for considering and specifying the features and structures of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system. Identification of the data that must be incorporated into Citizens Gas Company (CGC) system to provide the adequate planning capability and explanation of each data item usefulness level The identification of the information and the data that may be adopted into company system to provide the appropriate capability of planning includes some major points highlighted below by the researcher. The researcher has explained each and every point with detailed specifications in context of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) management; it generally includes: number of customers, data of weather, factors of heating, forecasting of sales, unit demand of the customer, structure of customer rate, terms of suppliers contract, capacity of storage field and system of priority (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). Number of customers: In Citizens Gas Company (CGC) the number of customer plays a vital role in shaping the need of an organizational management. The number of customer must be accountable and projectable in each and every month; unless and until the growth of customer become regular. The base of a consumer count must be use in growth factor of conjunction (Carroll 2015). The company must be accustomed that the count of customer must be broken into categories based on the facilitation of the existing demand (commercial, residential, non heating commercial, non heating industrial) (Agrawal and Cooper 2016). Data of weather: The data that is required for heating must be entered by following a certain process. For the first year, the metrological trends results a cold or warm year. From the consecutive years, the calculation of data weather must be used by an organizational management (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). As the year passes, the short term forecasts and long term forecasts should be entered strictly to impoverish the capability of predictability of the organization planning system (Turker and Altuntas 2014). Factors of heating: The factor of heating generally implies the conversion of data weather to demand of consumer. They must be provided for each and every type of consumer which uses the concept of heating (residential heating, industrial heating and commercial heating) (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). Forecasting of sales: The top and the foremost industrial accounts must be forecast individually in monthly five year plan segmentation. The segregation of non heating and heating sales for several consumers must be projected by the class of company revenue (Shapiro and Varian 2013). Figure 2: Identification and Incorporation of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system (Source: Liu and Wang 2014, pp-1505) Unit demand of the customer: According to the researcher, the consumption in monthly basis for industrial and commercial consumer may be provided in a variable and constant time; to reflect and highlights the fluctuations of company long term trends. These consumer data and information should be used to accumulate he entire portion of non heating industrial and commercial consumer demand. Structure of customer rate: The rate of customer must provide the information of monthly rate consummation at the level of revenue class (commercial, industrial and residential). The information must be on monthly basis to generate scheduled change of rate by company revenue class (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). Terms of suppliers contract: For each contract of different suppliers in gas industry the term of contract (starting and the end dates), cost of unit, and monthly volumes conditions may be maintained by an organizational management of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) (Chen, Ye and Yi 2013). Capacity of storage field: The capacity of the gas storage field is needed for determination (Bajdor and Grabara 2014). If the remaining gas is in storage; it can be easily withdrawn via gas supplement supply of pipeline. System of priority: A perfect priority system is provided that need to be establish in case where the organization needs to adhere the service due to the inappropriate gas supply (Osterle 2013). The above five factors are very important for determination of gas demand. The further next points are crucial for supply determination. The successive of last points are necessary to meet inappropriate demand (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). The valuable data must be considered on a monthly basis because of the certain fluctuation of demand and supply in industry. Class Customers Sales in Cubic Feet Revenues Residential 160,000 80 billion $160 million Commercial 38,000 15 billion $ 25 million Industrial 2,000 50 billion $ 65 million Totals 145 billion $250 million Figure 3: Financial data of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system (Source: Turker and Altuntas 2014, pp-840) The above details of Citizen Gas Company (Citizens Gas Company (CGC) have been segregated into three general sectors (residential, commercial and industrial customers). The number of customers have been serially personalised by sales and revenue segmentation (Carroll 2015). The number of customers in residential area avails more service as compared to commercial and industrial area (Podnar and Balmer 2013). The sales and he revenue sectors also get fluctuated by number of customer generalisations. In recent years, the company is not being able to establish the long term contracts. The customer demand is totally dependent to a number of customers (as specified above) (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). To overcome the issue; the company hired a director of corporate planning to make the systemization in monthly gas plan during the year; and increase the operating incomes of a company management. The researcher has discussed these company outcomes as per the required specification (as mentioned above). Explanation of necessary diagrams and tables of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) company The researcher has maintained and manipulated certain data assumptions and consequences relating to the concept. Based on the above scenario of gas company Citizens Gas Company (CGC) data and information, the following graphs are being drawn. Figure 4: Strategically data of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system (1) (Source: Created by author) The above graph shows that the reserves to production ratio are the key indicators of the oil as well as gas industry. The diagram shows the total production of oil based on the last four years from the year mid of 2012 to 2015 (Fujili 2016). It shows the ratio of the oil reserves to the production of the Citizens Gas Company. From the above graph, it is been analyzed that the production of the oil increases after the duration of 6 months (Turner 2014). It shows the reserve to production ratio of the oil. The reserve portion shows the ratio of the total amount of the resources that are to be known to exist within an area as well as it is economically recoverable. In the year 2013, it is seen that the production portion of the oil is approximately 1000; it is the amount of the resources that are produced in one year at the current rate (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). From the graph, it is been analyzed that the production of oil increases that will continue to produce well in the future. The ration of the production to reserves misleads to the average person that are being expressed on the year basis. In the year 2014, the production of the oil remains same. But in the year 2015, the production of the oil increases to approximately 1200 (Turker and Altuntas 2014). The fact is that from the production rate, it is not to be assumed that in the next year, the production of the oil will increase. It can be possible that it can run out suddenly, therefore the production will decline to zero (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). The resources show an increase into the rate of production, until it reaches its peaks. Then after reaching the peak, the production declines, therefore it enters into the declining phase. The magnitude of the reserve production ratio is to be related to the annual rate of the production (Carroll 2015). Figure 5: Strategically data of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system (2) (Source: Created by author) The above graph shows the total production of gas based on the three four years from the year 2013 to 2015. It shows the ratio of the gas reserves to the production of the Citizens Gas Company. From the above graph, it is been analyzed that the production of the gas increases after the duration of one year. In the year 2013, the total production of the gas is between 600 to 800 (Shapiro and Varian 2013). The magnitude of the reserve to production ratio is mainly related to the annual rate of the production of the gas. It also depends on the geographical features. If it contains varieties of alternatives evaluation then the concept of online system is more efficient and desirable. The burden of support must be in low rate to avoid the lack of system reporting simplifying assumptions. The data that is required for heating must be entered by following a certain process. The further next points are crucial for supply determination. As the governmental policies are the slow production, therefore there is an increase in the reserve to production ratio prolongs towards the reserve life. The Citizens Gas Company injects the gas to increase their production (Davenport 2013). Due to decrease in the reserve to production ratio, there is an increase in the production that comes from the expense of decreasing the reserve life. In the year 2014, it remains same. Finally, in the year 2015, it increases to 800-1000. Due to change in the technology, there is economic changes that are altering the ratio within short period of time. The factors that can influence the estimation of the reserve are defined as optimism (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). As the consumption of the resources are not constant, but sometimes it is typically increases due to growth of the population. It is seen that may be in the next year, the production rate of the gas decrease, it is possible and then the production will become zero. Due to d ecline into the production of the gas, it declines into the phase of declination. The non-constant values of the production ratio implies that there many be an overestimation as well as underestimation of the reserve life (Chen, Ye and Yi 2013). Conclusion The entire assignment concludes with the broad concept of gas industry associated with the name of the company as Citizens Gas Company (CGC). The researcher has highlighted and reflected several intellectual insights based on organizational management. The company has hired the manager to make succeed in the plan of corporate planning and to make certain assumptions that the company has faced recently. On the basis of company financial performance the company is not being able to articulate the basements of several customers at a glance. The researcher has maintained and manipulated certain concepts of gas industry by identification of the data that should be incorporated into Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system to provide adequate planning capability and the criteria to consider in specifying the structure and features of Citizens Gas Company (CGC) new system has been sorely explained below it necessary diagram and figures. Varieties of diagrams are illustrated above with respect to company management financial data and fiscal data. The pin point answer has also been answered by the researcher with context to customer data and information. It is very important to adopt and implement new and advance system technology in a company management to make ensure the possibilities of the future outcomes. There is various identification of the data in the company; that must be implemented in Citizens Gas Company (CGC) with adequate corporate planning system has also been reflected and highlighted by the researcher. A necessary diagram has also been figured by the researcher itself to articulate with company raw data and figures. References Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2016. Corporate governance consequences of accounting scandals: Evidence from top management, CFO and auditor turnover. Quarterly Journal of Finance. Ali, R.H.R.M., Mohamad, R. and Tretiakov, A., 2013. The Determinants of Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) Success: A Proposed Framework for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Innovation Management in Small Medium Enterprises, 2013, p.1. Amrollahi, A., Ghapanchi, A.H. and Talaei-Khoei, A., 2013. A systematic literature review on strategic information systems planning: Insights from the past decade. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5(2), pp.39-66. Arvidsson, V., Holmstrm, J. and Lyytinen, K., 2014. Information systems use as strategy practice: A multi-dimensional view of strategic information system implementation and use. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23(1), pp.45-61. Bajdor, P. and Grabara, I., 2014. The Role of Information System Flows in Fulfilling Customers Individual Orders. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 7(2). Burgelman, R.A., 2012. Managing the internal corporate venturing process. Sloan Management. Carroll, C.E., 2015. The handbook of communication and corporate reputation (Vol. 49). John Wiley Sons. Chen, W., Ye, Z. and Yi, J., 2013, October. The Study of Information Planning Method for Large Enterprise Group Based on Strategic Business Analysis. In Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 2013 Ninth International Conference on (pp. 638-640). IEEE. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Fujii, H., 2016. Corporate Environmental Management and Environmental Strategies. In Basic Studies in Environmental Knowledge, Technology, Evaluation, and Strategy (pp. 245-253). Springer Japan. Hovelja, T., Vasilecas, O. and Rupnik, R., 2013. A model of influences of environmental stakeholders on strategic information systems planning success in an enterprise. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 19(3), pp.465-488. Liu, S. and Wang, L., 2014. Understanding the impact of risks on performance in internal and outsourced information technology projects: The role of strategic importance. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), pp.1494-1510. Melewar, T.C., Gambetti, R.C. and Martin, K.D., 2014. Special Issue on: Managing Intangible Ethical Assets: Enhancing Corporate Identity, Corporate Brand, and Corporate Reputation to Fulfill the Social Contract. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(02), pp.310-312. sterle, H., 2013. Business in the information age: heading for new processes. Springer Science Business Media. Podnar, K. and Balmer, J., 2013. Contemplating corporate marketing, identity and communication. Routledge. Power, D.J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015. Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R., 2013. Information rules: a strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business Press. Turker, D. and Altuntas, C., 2014. Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports. European Management Journal, 32(5), pp.837-849. Turner, J.R., 2014. The handbook of project-based management (Vol. 92). McGraw-hill.

Salem Witch Trials free essay sample

The Crucible- Web Quest 1. Crucible- a severe, searching test or trial. 2. Spectral evidence- is a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions. 3. Witch Hunt- An Investigation carried out ostensibly to uncover subversive actlvltles but actually used to harass and undermine those with differing views. a. Recently uncovered files reveal the case of Raymond Ginger, a Harvard professor who was asked to resign in 1954 because he refused to respond to questions over whether he and his wife were Communists. . Yes, It qualifies as an Investigation to uncover ubversive activities. 4. a. The two events that had a profound influence on Millers work were the depression and the war that immediately followed it. b. The Crucible was his masterpiece. c. Arthur was married to famous actress Marilyn Monroe 5. Mather treated some of the afflicted, wrote Journals and advised the Judges. Evidently Mather was quite arrogant and liked prestige. 6. a. Nothing about this trial was inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on Salem Witch Trials or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only an unfortunate combination of an ongoing frontier war, economic conditions, congregational strife, teenage boredom, and personal ealousies can account for the spiraling accusations, trials, and executions that occurred in the spring and summer of 1692. b. It could have been from stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis. c. Increase Mather was the man who pleaded for the dismissal of spectral evidence, it was ironic because he was the father of Cotton who had wrote the Journals. d. It suggests that the trials were somewhat of congregational feuds which played a major role In determining who lived and died. 7. a. Their friendship came to an abrupt end in 1 952, at the height of the so-called Communist witch hunt conducted by the House un-American Activities Committee. b. He wrote It because It drew parallels between the 17th century Salem Which Trials and the Red Scare of the 1950s. c. The film was called On the Waterfront it testified a friendly witness. 8. a. McCarthyism was an intense effort to root out Communists from any part of America even if it went against American values. The Second Red Scare was the time in which McCarthyism came bout. b. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. c. He was a Republican U. S. Senator who created the idea that there were lots of communists or spies in the U. S. He was the man who McCarthyism came from. d. The government eventually censored McCarthy, and later In life he died from Alcoholism, e. McCarthyism was carried out in many ways. It started out with only the talk of McCarthy because people believed him. Then laws, (which were unconstitutional and wrong), were passed, making people go along with McCarthyism even more because it was now everywhere. Along with that, many cases went to trial during that time. f. To be blacklisted by the HUAC meant to be shunned,fired from your work, and unable to get a Job basically anywhere. Many careers and reputations were ruined, and clearing 1 OF2 given two options. They could speak in defense of themselves or let the Committee come to a verdict without a hearing. h. Execution or being sent to prison. Salem witch trials free essay sample During the years of 1692 and 1693, more than 200 people—men, women, and even children—were accused of witchcraft (Blumberg). Words of friends, neighbors, and even complete strangers put many peoples lives in danger. Nineteen people were hanged, one person pressed to death, and four known deaths occurred in prison. The accusations, the trials, the executions, and the events leading up to and after the deaths, kept Salem, Massachusetts on its toes in this mass paranoia. It was 1689, according to Blumberg, when Reverend Samuel Parris became the first ordained minister of Salem Village. The attempt to search for a new minister had failed, since the town of Salem had split to form small outskirts known as Salem Farms and the original Salem Village, and several Reverends and ministers before Parris were opposed against, or strongly disliked by the people. Parris answered to the call of ministry and moved to Salem Village with his wife, daughter Elizabeth Betty Parris, age 9, niece Abigail Williams, age 11, and his Barbados slave, Tituba and her husband John (Gribben). We will write a custom essay sample on Salem witch trials or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gribben wrote about Parriss daughter and niece spending time alone with the Barbados slave, Tituba, while unattended by any other adults. Parris trusted the slave for he had known her since he had bought her, and she was lazy and petulant. Parris did not see Tituba as a threat and left the girls in her watch many times. As time passed, more girls would come and spend time with the Barbados slave. Tituba would tell the girls stories about Barbados, and of the witch doctors that lived there. The girls were interested and asked many questions concerning the topic of magic and witches. Tituba, who hardly believed in sorcery herself, had given in and showed the girls how to break an egg, so just the egg white would be suspended in a bowl of water to show who their future husbands would be. These lessons continued in secrecy with Tituba. Several girls were torn between the risk of the situation and the discussion of witchcraft. Abigail Williams saw this as a mere game, and was very mischievous. Elizabeth on the other hand was rather nervous about the situation and guilt began to eat away at her. The guilt had a strong effect on the younger girl. She became rather distracted, and confused. She babbled nonsense, woke up screaming at night, and became weak, refusing or even forgetting to eat. But her guilt did not give her the courage to report to Reverend Parris what was taking place, and so the meetings continued. It was until a girl, who had to know what trade her sweetheart would be, saw a coffin suspended in the egg white of the bowl, that all hell broke loose. It was then that Elizabeth broke and began to fall into strange episodes or fits of convulsive seizures, blasphemous screaming, and trance-like states (Gribben, Salem). Tituba began to fear foul play and witchcraft had befallen the young girls. She baked a witchs cake that contained the urine of Abigail and Elizabeth and fed it to a dog, hoping the tormentor would be revealed. The dog became distracted and ran off, leaving Tituba with a feeling of hopelessness and paranoia. It wasnt until days later that Tituba had been blamed for the witchcraft. Elizabeth was in the middle of a violent fit. Tituba sent Abigail to fetch Reverend Parris while she tried to calm the crazed girl. The Reverend came in and tried to calm the girl as well. He sent for a doctor, but the doctor could not place the cause of fits in Elizabeth or Abigail, who showed the same symptoms days later. The doctor told Parris that the Evil Hand was among them, and left. When Elizabeth began to come to after one of her many spells, Parris asked the girl who it was that hurt her, but she didnt answer. He looked about the room and settled on Tituba. When he asked if Tituba had caused this, Elizabeth repeated the name before going silent. Tituba confessed and Parris had Tituba arrested (Gribben). This wasnt the end of their paranoia; in fact it was only the beginning. Several other Salem girls began having similar fits, and among them was Ann Putnam. Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne were accused of witchcraft, after the Barbados slave Tituba. Sarah Good was just a homeless beggar, and Sarah Osborne was an elderly impoverished woman (Blumberg). The three girls were taken to trial; however, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne tried to claim their innocence. They were found guilty and taken to jail. Tituba, on the other hand, confessed to practicing and showing the girls witchcraft. Tituba claimed to have seen the Devil and signing his book, and also told of other witches in Salem Village who were seeking to destroy the Puritans. As more and more girls began to suffer from this witchcraft, more and more people were being blamed for the black magic (Blumberg). Most of the people were accused were well known, and some were even liked. The most damning accusation was against Martha Corey, an important member of the Puritan congregation. This accusation sent the Puritan community of Salem Village into a frenzy, fearing that Satans evil had reached the heart of the community (Salem). The accusations didnt stop though; men, women, and children were still accused and the paranoia was at its highest. Dorothy Dorcas Good was the first and only child at the age of four to be accused of witchcraft. Her timid answers were seen as a confession and she was arrested with her mother, Sarah Good. Dorothy stayed in jail for eight months before she witnessed her mother being taken and hanged (Linder). Accusations began to pile up, and many people were arrested, but no executions had been made until early June. Bridget Bishop was the first person hanged for witchcraft on June 10th, 1692 (Blumberg). After her death, many more witches were put to death by the gallows, on a place soon to be known as Gallows Hill. Five people were hanged in the month of July, five in August, and eight in September. A total of nineteen people had been killed by the gallows (Blumberg). Martha and Giles Corey were both accused of practicing witchcraft and arrested. Giles Corey refused a trial and by the law of their church, had large stones placed on him until he agreed to one. He never did, and was eventually pressed to death with large stones on September 19, 1692, three days before Marthas hanging (Salem). The trials to condemn the accused varied. There were five ways for the people to claim their innocence, but many people were found guilty despite their attempts. The first trial was reciting the Lords Prayer (Witchcraft). If one could not recite the prayer, it was said that Satan was at work and blocked ones tongue from speaking the Word (Gribben). A former pastor, George Burroughs, was accused of witchcraft and tried. He failed his trial in court, and as he was taken out to the gallows, he stopped before the crowd and recited the Lords Prayer word for word. The crowd was taken by shock, but Cotton Mather told them the man had his time in court and he failed. George Burroughs was put to death at the gallows (Linder). The second trial was the search for physical evidence such as warts, birthmarks, moles, and blemishes. These marks were said to be places on which demons suckled on witches to gain their power. The testimony of the accusers against the witches, spectral evidence, and the confession of the witches themselves, were the last three trials against the accused to convict them of witchcraft or send them home (Witchcraft). However, many were convicted and most were found uilty. Some people saw that the confessions were a way to escape the gallows, but would spend time in prison instead for practicing witchcraft (Linder). Many were still found guilty and put to death by hanging. According to Linder, as many as nineteen accused witches were hanged on Gallows Hill and one man was pressed to death in 1692. The dead are listed as followed, along with their date of death. Bridget Bishop, the first person hanged, died on June 10th, 1692. Five women died on July 19th, 1692. The women were Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe, and Sarah Wildes. Four men and one woman were hanged on August 19th, 1692. They were George Burroughs, Martha Carrier, John Willard, George Jacobs, Sr. , and John Proctor. Giles Corey was the only death that occurred by being pressed to death on September 19th, 1692. On September 22nd, 1692, Martha Corey, Mary Eastey, Ann Pudeator, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott, and Samuel Wardwell were hanged. The last four known deaths did not have a known date, but the following people died in prison: Sarah Osborne, Roger Toothaker, Lyndia Dustin, and Ann Foster. Two dogs were also killed, for many believed that Satan could take form of the hounds (Witchcraft). The hysteria, convictions, and condemnations began to seize and die down in the winter months (Salem). Governor Phipps called an end to the witch trials, and relieved all those remaining in prison, after his wife had been accused of witchcraft (Blumberg). Over 250 years after the Salem witch trials, the state of Massachusetts found the trials to have been unlawful and the names were cleared of charges. The state gave money to the heirs of the deceased, and apologized for the trials that had taken place (Blumberg). Salem Witch Trials free essay sample This descriptive essay tells the story of one womans experience during the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. Using an imaginary story as an example, this paper illustrates the experience of going through a witch trial in the 1600s. It traces events from the arrest of the woman, interrogation, treatment in prison through to the Salem witch trials a few weeks later. The experience of the trial is also looked at in detail. My name was Sarah Nurse, and I lived in Salem Village, in the year 1692. Several weeks ago, many men came to my house, and showed me a warrant for my arrest. They questioned me for some time, and then told me they were taking me to jail. Jail! For something I did not even understand. They took me away so quickly; I did not even have time to kiss my dear children and husband goodbye.

Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado

Lucky Sickness Guiding Question: What if Fortunato hadn’t been sick? Montresor’s plan would not have gone as smooth as it did. â€Å"It must be understood that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunato cause to doubt my good will†(96). Without Fortunato being sick, it would have been a lot harder for Montresor to convey his good intentions. He noticed right away that Fortunato was sick and suggested they not proceed. â€Å"The vaults are insufferably damp. They are encrusted with nitre†(97), said Montresor. He knew that Fortunato was a wine connoisseur and would not turn down an Amontillado. Montresor even went as far as saying, â€Å"we will go back; your health is precious. You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was†(97). He truly won over the trust of Fortunato. Not only suggesting they not go down to the vaults, but turning around as well. Someone who says, â€Å"the cough is a mere nothing: it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough†(97), is not weak. Fortunato is a fighter, maybe not with his fists, but mentally. A mentally strong person would not sit there and let someone chain them up. But chaining up Fortunato was done with ease. He didn’t fight back, â€Å"he was too much astounded to resist†(99), Montresor thought to himself. In most cases, shock causes people to freeze. Being sick and drunk does not help your reaction time either. Fortunato showed he was truly feeling weak, when Montresor â€Å"again [offered Fortunato] his arm. He leaned upon it heavily†(98). Almost as if he was using Montresor as a crutch. It’s safe to say Fortunato would not have been so willing to enter the vaults, if it weren’t for the compassion of Montresor. He also would have put up more of a fight if it were not for his condition. Montresor got lucky, and his plan went a lot smoother than expected.... Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado Lucky Sickness Guiding Question: What if Fortunato hadn’t been sick? Montresor’s plan would not have gone as smooth as it did. â€Å"It must be understood that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunato cause to doubt my good will†(96). Without Fortunato being sick, it would have been a lot harder for Montresor to convey his good intentions. He noticed right away that Fortunato was sick and suggested they not proceed. â€Å"The vaults are insufferably damp. They are encrusted with nitre†(97), said Montresor. He knew that Fortunato was a wine connoisseur and would not turn down an Amontillado. Montresor even went as far as saying, â€Å"we will go back; your health is precious. You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was†(97). He truly won over the trust of Fortunato. Not only suggesting they not go down to the vaults, but turning around as well. Someone who says, â€Å"the cough is a mere nothing: it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough†(97), is not weak. Fortunato is a fighter, maybe not with his fists, but mentally. A mentally strong person would not sit there and let someone chain them up. But chaining up Fortunato was done with ease. He didn’t fight back, â€Å"he was too much astounded to resist†(99), Montresor thought to himself. In most cases, shock causes people to freeze. Being sick and drunk does not help your reaction time either. Fortunato showed he was truly feeling weak, when Montresor â€Å"again [offered Fortunato] his arm. He leaned upon it heavily†(98). Almost as if he was using Montresor as a crutch. It’s safe to say Fortunato would not have been so willing to enter the vaults, if it weren’t for the compassion of Montresor. He also would have put up more of a fight if it were not for his condition. Montresor got lucky, and his plan went a lot smoother than expected.... Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO The overall theme of Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is revenge. It involves a contrasting relationship between the satisfaction of the avenger and the victim’s pursuit of love. Poe ties these feelings together by constantly using irony throughout the story. We will see how revenge is the force behind Montresor’s motive, we will discover how love leads Fortunado to his death, we will determine the growth of Montresor’s satisfaction, and we will learn how Poe uses irony to piece them together. The force that drives Montresor to commit the horrible murder of Fortunado is his powerful desire for revenge. The opening lines of the story, Montresor says, â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunado I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge.† The idea of revenge is brought up several times in the opening paragraph. Montresor says, â€Å"I must not only punish, but punish with impunity.† It is obvious to the reader that Montresor vowed revenge. Poe isolates the act of revenge throughout the story by not revealing the motive behind Montresor’s crime. To accomplish his revenge, Montresor leads Fortunado down into the catacombs in search of Amontillado. Fortunado prides himself on being a connoisseur of wine. When achieving his revenge, Montresor uses Fortunado’s love for wine against him. â€Å"Is it further on?† Fortunado asks. His love for wine generates motivation. What he does not know is that this motive of love will pursue him to his death. The reader begins to see how Fortunado’s love will trigger Montresor’s satisfaction. Montresor receives a great deal of satisfaction as they descend down into the catacombs. As Fortunado’s pursuit of the Amontillado continues, Montresor’s satisfaction grows stronger. Montresor toasts, â€Å"And I to your long life.† Montresor seems to be in good spirits, as he jokes to himself. The satisfaction increases an... Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado In Pace Requiescat (Rest in Peace) Edgar Allan Poe creates a mood of horror in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† through the setting, the main character, and the internal conflict he faces. Taking place in the catacombs beneath Montresor’s residence the reader is given an image of death; fraught with his decision to punish Fortunato for the various insults that have tarnished his family name, Montresor is torn between his need for revenge and the pending guilt that haunts him the remainder of his days. Poe illustrates a horrendous setting filled with ironic symbolism to convey his tale of ultimate revenge. First, Edgar Allan Poe utilizes the setting to create an image of dread for the reader. Beginning â€Å"one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival season† Poe quickly moves the reader under ground to the catacombs beneath Montresor’s home. The carnival can be all but forgotten as Robert Louis Stevenson points out, â€Å"†¦ the whole spirit of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† depends on Fortunato’s carnival costume of cap and bells and motley† (Stevenson). Poe utilizes the carnival two fold as it not only sets Fortunato at a location which he will surely indulge beyond his capacity making him easily deceived by Montresor as well as providing rationale for Fortunato to be dressed as a jester complete with bells. The jingling of the bells demonstrates the constant belittling Montresor perceives from Fortunato which feeds his need for retribution. The story continues down to the dark recesses of Montresor’s catacombs that serve both as his family’s crypt and wine cellar. Poe illustrates a dark cavern with damp stone walls, covered with nitre, that are barely illuminated by lanterns. Upon reaching Montresor’s destination, Fortunato’s final resting place, Poe gives the reader the last clue as to the dread about to take place, â€Å"in depth about four feet, in width three, in height six or seven†. The main room ...

Soicial Issues and Warren Court Decisions Essay

Soicial Issues and Warren Court Decisions - Essay Example In addition, immigrants have long faced discrimination in areas such as housing, employment opportunities and education. Moreover, civil rights accords do not incorporate racial minorities such as the disabled, women and homosexuals. Till 1860s, numerous states prevented or restricted women from having their own property. The right of a woman to vote was not protected constitutionally until 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. Anti-gender discrimination campaign commenced with the enactment of 1964 Civil Rights Act came into force, effectively illegalizing any forms of gender based discrimination. As a result, individuals could not be discriminated based on national origin, religion, age and race. Various supreme courts have ruled on the above two issues. A case in point is the Reed v. Reed Supreme Court Drama involving Sally Reed as the appellant and Cecil Reed as the appellee. According to this case, the appellant claimed that the Idaho law favored the appointment for t he mere reason of being male over a woman for purposes of being an administrator of an estate whose owner had died. The decision was made in favor of Sally Reed, the Appellant after finding out that the probate law of Idaho discriminated against women. This ruling was the first in favor of women’s right following the Fourteenth Amendment. ... s states from enacting any law which shall abridge (lessen) the constitutional rights and privileges of citizens of the United States nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.† The Equal Protection Clause guarantees that individuals in groups of persons or persons in situations that are similar should be equally treated. Ruth Bader Ginsburg the case lawyer and the subsequent judge of the Supreme Court labeled the Reeds case as â€Å"the turning point case.† The state law for the first time was held invalid because it allowed discrimination against women. The U.S Supreme Court in 1857 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19How.)393,15L. ED. 691, concluded that the constitution did not find its application to the African Americans as they were not considered to be citizens during the drafting of the constitution. New laws were mandatory after the civil war for purposes of extending former slaves civil liberties. How the Court Decisi ons Affected the Society after the Ruling Reed v Reed was the initial U.S Supreme Court ruling that concluded that laws subjective to gender discrimination were violating the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. Decades after the case ruling, the court utilized the precedence set in the ruling to make rulings eliminating discriminatory laws against women. On the other hand, the ruling also benefitted men as it prevented courts from basing their views on gender generalizations. The constitution’s Thirteenth Amendment was enacted for purposes of making the involuntary servitude and slavery unlawful acts. Moreover, the power to enact laws was handed to the Congress which necessitated the new amendments enforcement. Both the cases had a positive impact in the society. For instance, the women

Challenges of Mid-level Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Challenges of Mid-level Management - Essay Example All decisions made by administrators must be weighed carefully. This is to provide a lasting positive impact on the organization’s revenue, its staff, and patients. This is a tough duty, but one that must be carried to completion, without fail (Wheatley, 2006). One of the core issues that affect health care administrators is the conflict of interest. Here, administrators are brought or weighed down by the fact that; their relationship with financial institutions may force them to make decisions that do not cater to their patients’ desires and wants (Ransom, Maulik & Nash, 2005). This is often seen with the insurance policies that cover patients once they are in for severe cases that warrant medical attention. It is also a common occurrence to see physicians and professional doctors getting into pacts with these financial institutions, which coerce them into getting capital for their institution through patients (Wheatley, 2006). This is sometimes seen through continuous tests and procedures that are unnecessary, and prove costly to the individuals involved. It is up to the healthcare administrators to restrain and warn physicians from entering into pacts with these financial institutions. This is with a rise in the ethical dilemmas the administration is being put through and the challenge that faces mid-level management in the healthcare field, in the 21st century. Another frightening task that comes up is the need to provide appropriate medical care, over the cost of management.

Federal express (slp module 02) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal express (slp module 02) - Essay Example According to Netscape Solutions Enterprise, â€Å"Intranet applications and information ranging from personnel guidelines, tax forms, employee evaluations, and project management documentation are currently or will soon be available to all corporate employees of Federal Express. Two critical intranet applications currently in use at Federal Express are one for publishing internal technology reports and another delivering adjunct help-desk support for internal staff. The intranet-published technology reports keep Federal Expresss technology staff current and help them stay abreast of project specifics, plans, and implementation procedures. The help-desk application is designed to streamline customer support by Federal Express information systems† (Netscape Solutions Enterprise, 1999, pg. 1). How project management specifically affects the different departments within an organization such as Federal Express depends on the type of project that is underway. For instance, replacing the computers in the marketing department would directly affect the marketing department, but may have little effect on human resources. â€Å"Project management is a carefully planned and organized effort to accomplish a specific (and usually) one-time effort, for example, construct a building or implement a new computer system. Project management includes developing a project plan, which includes defining project goals and objectives, specifying tasks or how goals will be achieved, what resources are need, and associating budgets and timelines for completion† (Free Management Library, 2008, pg. 1). The limitations for implementing the PERT and CRM methods at Federal Express are the same as they would be for any other organization that chose to implement these techniques. According to Hugg (1996, pg. 1), â€Å"A central weakness of both PERT and CPM is the inability to deal with resource dependencies. Resource dependencies are those that concern the availability of resources

Hitlers Foreign Policies

Hitlers Foreign Policies Ultimately Hitlers determination to transform European society brought war and destruction to Europe in 1939. Though not necessarily the war he was planning for; evidence suggests that Hitler was preparing Germany for conflict with Russia. This indication would consist of economic output towards the end of the 1930s for example, according to Anthony Wood in Europe 1815-1945, the output of steel in 1935 stood at 16.1 million metric tonnes; this by far out produced the superpowers steel industry and could imply the planning for military conflict. Hitlers policies based on lebensraum and the establishment of a racial empire on East European and Russian soil were without doubt ruthless, but did they make the Second World War unavoidable? The extent to which Hitlers foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable has constantly been under contention. A J P Taylor argues Hitler was just an average western leader, and the Second World War was at the fault of many rather than solely Hi tlers foreign policy. According to Ian Kershaw, Hitler defines his foreign policy as the art of securing for a people, the necessary quantity and quality of lebensraum Deflated from the effects of The Treaty of Versailles, German economy was crippled, the army was reduced, and they suffered from loss of Land. Germany was desperate to revoke the Treaty which brought it to its knees, and unite all German speaking countries. In protest, Hitler began a course of secret conscription, written in Mein Kampf, Hiter justified this action, Especially your people, doomed to languish along unarmed beneath the thousand eyes of the Versailles peace treaty' This action can be seen as a trigger, contributing to making the Second World War inevitable as surrounding countries felt threatened by Hitler and his determination to reverse the damages of the Treaty of Versailles. Another breach of the Treaty Hitler was able to embark on was his creation of the Air force the Luftwaffe, Taylor agrees that th e treaty is a cause of the war, Second world war was cause by the first world war, the armistice, or the Versailles treaty. Mein Kampf is a crucial element into understanding the reasons behind Hitlers foreign policy, and being able to assess if they made the Second World War inevitable. Introduced within the text, Hitler establishes the need to achieve aims in which he sees as vital to the success of the Third Reich. Hitler sought to destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after the defeat in World War One. Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported this view. Uniting all German speakers together in one country would strengthen Germany, as after World War One there were Germans living in many countries spread across Europe. Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany or Grossdeutschland. Finally, Hitler wanted to expand his ideology and population into the East to gain land and vital resources for German y, for example the tank producing factories in Czechoslovakia would prove vital if Hitler was planning for war. By signing non-aggression pacts, Hitler gave the impression he had peaceful intentions which would prevent a war. For example the alliance with the Poles, who felt threatened should Germany attempt to win back the Polish Corridor. This could suggest a triumph for Hitler, as it was evidence of peaceful negotiations which would give reason for Britain to follow a policy of appeasement. Moreover this ensured Hitler was guaranteed Polish neutrality whenever Germany should move against Austria and Czechoslovakia. However, according to John Weitz in his book Hitlers diplomat, Hitler had mentioned a definite solution to the Donzig and corridor problems. This questions if Hitler had an overall plan to attack Poland. Neville Chamberlains policy of appeasement could be seen as a mistake which eventually contributed to the Second World War as, Appeasement was partly the result of a h istory lesson too well learned. After The First World War, Europe was left devastated. Chamberlain was keen to avoid another war and sympathised with Hitler and the severity of the Treaty of Versailles upon Germany. Hitler was able to exploit Britain, as he knew they would appease and compromise with Hitler to avoid another War. Thus Hitler could fulfil his aims without the threat of immediate military intervention, Taking full advantage of appeasement the Nazis moved swiftly to annex German Austria in March 1938. The naval agreements between Britain and Germany reiterate the failure of appeasement and its role in contributing to the Second World War, Both Britain and France were reluctant to take stronger stands against German rearmament for fear that this would give the Germans all the more reason to refuse to cooperate in international efforts to maintain peace. Hitler was able to build up strength of the Navy and the Air Force. Foreign Policy encompassed the importance of racia l purity and the need for a nation to be prepared to compete with its neighbours in a fierce, uncompromising and constant struggle to survive and expand into Eastern Europe. Present in Mein Kampf, this expansion was to give extra living space to the Aryan Master Race. For example, Hitler discusses that Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil The occupation of Russia would ultimately give him living space which would provide resources for the German population and an area, in which the excess German population could settle and colonise. An additional advantage Hitler saw was that communism would be destroyed. Most historians are in cohesion that Hitler and his foreign policy caused the Second World War, However, A.J.P. Taylor, claims that Hitler never intended a major war and at most was prepared for only a limited war against Poland. Ho wever this claim is widely rejected throughout the differing interpretations. Germanys constant rhetorical on Russia is crucial to the debate. Russia was rich in raw materials such as oil which is vital for any country planning to wage war. Through realisation that Russia would solve internal problems, strengthen it militarily, and enable Germany to become economically self-sufficient by adding food and other raw material sources, The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact is essential within this argument. The Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union had its advantages for both countries involved. The pact meant that Germany was safe from threat of Russia and communism, but in a secret appendix Eastern Europe was divided into German and Soviet spheres of influence, fascism was safe from destruction whilst this bided time for Russia to prepare for a war. Realising the strength of the French Empire and their colonies, Hitler saw Russia as a temporary ally, until this pact was b roken when Hitler invaded Russia in 1941. Another alliance signed was the Rome Berlin Axis, surrounding countries such as Poland were threatened as the aims of this threatened as territorial expansion and foundation of empires based on military conquest and the overthrow of the post-World War I international order; and to stop the spread of communism throughout Europe. The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany revealed to Hitler the weaknesses of the allies decision making and tested how far they would be pushed before they would intervene with military action. The events leading up to the union revealed fragments in the Foreign policy of Britain and France who yet again did nothing to protest Hitlers aggressive foreign policy British attitudes were a key factor in the other problem Taylor cites, unity. It also it dealt a severe strategic blow at Czechoslovakia which could now be attacked from the south as well as from the West and North. Another example in which Hi tler recognised is the Abyssinian crisis which Britain and France failed to react towards Mussolini It had already been manifested in their reluctance to wage a full scale economic war on fascist Italy during the Abyssinian crisis, this gave Hitler the opportunity to remilitarize the Rhineland, free from threat from the other western powers, Hitlers coup in the Rhineland the vacillating recognisable pattern of weakness Hitler had given the instruction that if they met any resistance, to withdraw however none was met, And France made no move. This shows the allies as inconsistent, and seemed to be more interested in their own domestic policy rather than foreign policy, most people had the failures of their own government and the everyday worries of trying to cope with economic misery. The Hossbach Memorandum can be used as evidence that Hitler had planned for war and revenge, which would therefore suggest that Hitlers hostile foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable. Thr ough this memorandum Hitlers motives becomes clear. The aim of German policy was to preserve the racial community and gain space; this is mentioned within his works, Mein Kampf. Germany used an aggressive foreign policy force to secure the goals, his successes in foreign policy down to 1938 derived in the main from this bullys intuition, coupled with his instinctive gamblers risk This memorandum has two confliction interpretations, There have been two interpretations of this memorandum, Hugh Trevor-Roper suggest that this was Hitlers scheme for war, The Second World War was Hitlers personal war in many senses. He intended it, he prepared for it, he chose the moment for launching it whereas A.J.P. Taylor disagrees and suggests Little can be discovered so long as we go on attributing everything that happened to Hitler In conclusion, the extent to which Hitlers foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable is open to much debate. A J P Taylor argues Hitler was just an average w estern leader and the foreign policy he shaped would have been similar to that of any other German leader. The Treaty of Versailles acted as a catalyst which ultimately created more problems than in solved. Taylor argues that it was the fault of many events and different leaders, whereas other historians such as Hugh Trevor-Roper suggest that Hitlers foreign policy was fully intent on making the Second World War inevitable. The allies took a stance of non intervention, which could be argued as too little action too late, their policy of appeasement had failed and with it the League of Nations. The evidence put forward would suggest that the aggressive stance in foreign policy that Hitler portrayed was ultimately the last straw in a series of events and different circumstances which led to the destruction of the Second World War.

Womens Roles During Times of War and Virginia Woolfs Three Guineas Es

Women's Roles During Times of War and Virginia Woolf's Three Guineas With the prevalence of war goddesses in most traditions from China to Greece to Ireland, women have been separated from the front lines of war for centuries. The goddesses, the divine representations of women in the ideal, are torn between dual roles: that of Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and just war, and that of Vesta, goddess of hearth and home. These two roles, warrior and mother, are not necessarily as very different as they might appear at first glance. Western tradition claims that women are not made for war, but for household work: sewing, cleaning, cooking, and looking after children. Society told women to carry brooms in lieu of swords; to collect firewood instead of ammunition, and to keep house rather than protect a nation. Yet, for centuries, women have fought their peoples' wars, even if they never lifted a sword or fired a rifle. Yet, in Virginia Woolf's book, Three Guineas, she claims that women do not actively participate in war. She tells the reader, "To fight has always been the man's habit, not the woman's" (Virginia Woolf, 6). She proceeds to explain that women have been set in a world apart from men. According to Woolf, men and women exist in separate worlds, coexisting, but not interacting. Women live outside of the masculine spectrum of official schooling, professions, and, of course, war making. I beg to differ. Women have always interacted with men and live in the same world as their masculine counterparts even when it comes to schooling and professions, but especially when it comes to war. Women have always joined their brothers in the trade of war making and to deny their efforts and victories is to deny a great portion of his... ...ese troubles side by side and together rather than as two separate peoples who happen to exist near to one another. It is as Benjamin Franklin said of the American Revolution: Better that we all hang together for we will surely hang alone. Works Cited: "AAS Online Exhibitions: A Woman's Work is Never Done." Â © 2004. Cited 22 November 2004. "Boston Tea Party: ...drinking to independence." Â © 1996. Cited 22 November 2004. "Female Spies for the Union." Cited 22 November 2004. "Hearts at Home: Spies." Â © 1997. Cited 22 November 2004. "Molly Pitcher (Valley Forge Frequently Asked Questions)." Â © 1998 – 2004. Cited 22 November 2004. "Rose O'Neal Greenhow Papers." Â © May 1996. Cited 22 November 2004. Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas. Â ©1938, 1966. Harcourt, Inc. Orlando, Florida. Zarro, Alexis. "Women of the American Revolution." Cited 22 November 2004.

African American In The 1920s Essay

The aspect of African-American Studies is key to the lives of African-Americans and those involved with the welfare of the race. African-American Studies is the systematic and critical study of the multidimensional aspects of Black thought and practice in their current and historical unfolding (Karenga, 21). African-American Studies exposes students to the experiences of African-American people and others of African descent. It allows the promotion and sharing of the African-American culture. However, the concept of African-American Studies, like many other studies that focus on a specific group, gender, and/or creed, poses problems. Therefore, African-American Studies must overcome the obstacles in order to improve the state of being for African-Americans. According to the book, Introduction to Black Studies, by Maulana Karenga, various core principles make of the basis of African-American Studies. Some of the core principles consist of 1)history, 2)religion, 3)sociology, 4)politics, and 5)economics. The core principles serve as the thematic â€Å"glue† which holds the core subjects together. The principles assist with the expression of the African-American Studies discipline (Karenga, 27). The core principle of history is primary factor of African-American Studies. History is the struggle and record of humans in the process of humanizing the world i. e. shaping it in their own image and interests (Karenga, 70). By studying history in African-American Studies, history is allowed to be reconstructed. Reconstruction is vital, for over time, African-American history has been misleading. Similarly, the reconstruction of African-American history demands intervention not only in the academic process to redefines and reestablishes the truth of Black History, but also intervention in the social process to reshape reality in African-American images and interests and thus, self-consciously make history (Karenga, 69). African American History or Black American History, a history of African-American people in the United States from their arrival in the Americas in the Fifteenth Century until the present day. In 1996, 33. 9 million Americans, about one out of every eight people in the United States, were African-American. Although African-American from the West Indies and other areas have migrated to the United States in the Twentieth Century, most African- Americans were born in the United States, and this has been true since the early Nineteenth Century. Until the mid-20th century, the African-American population was concentrated in the Southern states. Even today, nearly half of all African-Americans live in the South. African-Americans also make up a significant part of the population in most urban areas in the eastern United States and in some mid-western and western cities as well . Africans and their descendants have been a part of the story of the Americas at least since the late 1400s. As scouts, interpreters, navigators, and military men, African-Americans were among those who first encountered Native Americans. Beginning in the colonial period, African-Americans provided most of the labor on which European settlement, development, and wealth depended, especially after European wars and diseases decimated Native Americans (http://encarta. msn. com). Thus, history plays a role in the way African-Americans have shaped the world over time. The core concept of African-American religion has always played a vital roles in the African-American life since its beginnings in Africa. Religion is defined as thought, belief, and practice concerned with the transcendent and the ultimate questions of life (Karenga, 211). The vast majority of African Americans practice some form of Protestantism. Protestantism’s relatively loose hierarchical structure, particularly in the Baptist and Methodist denominations, has allowed African Americans to create and maintain separate churches. Separate churches enabled blacks to take up positions of leadership denied to them in mainstream America. In addition to their religious role, African American churches traditionally provide political leadership and serve social welfare functions. The African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first nationwide black church in the United States, was founded by Protestant minister Richard Allen in Philadelphia in 1816. The largest African American religious denomination is the National Baptist Convention, U. S. A. , founded in 1895. A significant number of African Americans are Black Muslims. The most prominent Black Muslim group is the Nation of Islam, a religious organization founded by W. D. Fard and Elijiah Poole in 1935. Poole, who changed his name to Elijiah Muhammad, soon emerged as the leader of the Nation of Islam. Elijiah Muhammad established temples in Detroit, Chicago, and other northern cities. Today, Louis Farrakhan leads the Nation of Islam. A small number of African American Muslims worship independently of the Nation of Islam, as part of the mainstream Islamic tradition (http://encarta. msn. com). Presented with the fact that African-American religion is predominately Judeo-Christian, the tendency is to view it as â€Å"white religion in black face†. However, the rooting of the two religions varies due to the historical and social experiences (Karenga, 212). African-American over time has somewhat declined in its power. The church was once the sole basis of the community, especially to those in need. Today, this is speculated to be the link in the decline in the bonding of the African-American community. The core principle of African-American sociology integrates the various aspects and social reality from an African-American perspective. African-American sociology is defined as the critical study of the structure and functioning of the African-American community as a whole, as well as the various units and processes which compose and define it, and its relations with people and the forces external to it (Karenga, 269). African-American sociology involves the study of family, groups, institutions, views and values, relations of race, class and gender and related subjects. The African-American community, like other communities, is defined by the sharing of common space. Parts of its common space, however, are bounded areas of living, such as ghettos, which not only close African-Americans in the community, but simultaneously shuts them out from the access and opportunities available in the larger, predominately Caucasian society (Karenga, 302). The concept of isolation creates areas of poverty. Socially, isolation in ghettos prevents the cycle of diversity society, allowing prevailing stereotypes to surface. The immense concentration of African-Americans is a reason for disadvantages, such as joblessness, poverty, etc. Statistics suggest that the employment rate issue is an essential on among African-American women. The average rate of unemployment among African-American women in the 1980’s was 16% and was higher for African-American men (Giddings, 350). Thus, the concept of diversity prevents African-Americans from thriving socially. The core concept of African-American politics can be defined as the art and process of gaining, maintaining and using power (Karenga, 311). The institution of politics has played a role in the African-American community since the 15th amendment was passed, allowing African-American men the right to vote (Constitution). In order to obtain political power, however, there are eight bases: 1) key positions in government 2) voting strength 3) community control 4) economic capacity 5) community organization 6) possession of critical knowledge 7) coalition and alliance and 8) coercive capacity. In order to attain these, African-Americans must unite, for unity strengthens weak groups (African-Americans) and increases the power of others (Caucasians) (Karenga, 363). Over time, African-Americans have made substantial strides in politics. Civil rights leader Jesse Jackson, who ran for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, brought exceptional support and force to African-American politics. In 1989, Virginia became the first state in U. S. history to elect an African- American governor, Douglas Wilder. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first African-American woman elected to the U. S. Senate. Today, Moseley-Braun is a candidate for the Presidency of the United States (Franklin, 612). There were 8,936 African-American office holders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 mayors and 38 members of Congress. The Congressional Black Caucus serves as a political alliance in Congress for issues relating to African- Americans. The appointment of African-Americans to high federal offices? including Colin Powell (chairman of the U. S. Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-1993; Secretary of State, 2001-present), Ron Brown (Secretary of Commerce, 1993-1996), and Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas? also demonstrates the increasing power of African-Americans in the political arena (http://encarta. msn. com). Despite the advances of African-Americans in the political scene, the rate of voting has immensely declined compared to 40 years ago. According to statistics, less than 20% of African-Americans between the ages of 18 and 24, the most vital voting age group, voted in the last 40 years (http://www. rockthevote. org ). African-American voting’s disappointing decline over time has become a setback in regards to power, for politics control most of the issues that concern society, such as healthcare, housing, and employment: issues that the African-American community are in need of improving. The core concept of economics is defined as the study and process of producing, distributing (or exchanging) and consuming goods and services. Economically, African-Americans have benefited from the advances made during the Civil Rights era. The racial disparity in poverty rates has narrowed to some extent. The African-American middle class has grown substantially. In 2000, 47% of African-Americans owned their homes. However, African-Americans are still underrepresented in government and employment. In 1999, median income of African American household was $27,910 compared to $44,366 of non-Hispanic Caucasians. Approximately one-fourth of the African-American population lives in poverty, a rate three times that of Caucasians. In 2000, 19. 1 % of the African-American population lived below poverty level as compared to 6. 9% of Caucasians population. The unemployment gap between African-Americans and Caucasians has grown. In 2000, the unemployment rate among African-Americans was almost twice the rate for Caucasians. The income gap between African-American and Caucasian families also continue to widen. Employed African-Americans earn only 77% of the wages of Caucasians in comparable jobs, down from 82% in 1975. In 2000, only 16. 6% of African-Americans 25 years and older earned bachelor’s or higher degrees in contrast to 28. 1% of Caucasians. Although rates of births to unwed mothers among both African-Americans and Caucasians have risen since the 1950’s, the rate of such births among African-Americans is three times the rate of Caucasians (DeBose, 1). Thus, the state of African-American economics have flourished over time, yet remains in a state of improvement. Whether one talks about poverty, incomes, jobs, etc. , all imply and necessitate the concern with economics in the African-American community (Karenga, 355). Conclucively, the possibility of problems arising towards the discipline of African-American Studies are rooted in the birth of the discipline itself (Karenga, 476). The mission of the discipline, problematic administrators, and campus opposition are examples of obstacles that often attempt to prevent the missions of African-American Studies. However, African-American Studies has continued to defend its stance over time. Thus, as long as there is an African-American culture, the quest for knowledge in the African-American studies field will remain. Works Cited DeBose,Brian. â€Å"Reclaiming the Mission†. Nov. 2002 . Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom. Nashville, TN: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter . New York:Perrenial, 1984. Karenga, Malauna. Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press ? Third Edition, 2002. http://encarta. msn. com http://www. rockthevote. com.

Landscape Fragmentation and Wildlife Habitat

Landscape Fragmentation and Wildlife Habitat Landscape or habitat fragmentation is the breaking up of a habitat or vegetation type into smaller, disconnected sections. It is generally a consequence of land use: agricultural activities, road building, and housing development all break up existing habitat. The effects of this fragmentation go beyond a simple reduction of the amount of habitat available. When sections of habitat are no longer connected, a suite of issues can follow. In this discussion of the effects of fragmentation I will refer mostly to forested habitats, as it can be easier to visualize, but this process happens in every type of habitat. The Fragmentation Process While there are many ways landscapes can become fragmented, the process most often follows the same steps. First, a road is built through relatively intact habitat and dissects the landscape. In the United States the road network has been thoroughly developed and we see few remote areas newly dissected by roads anymore. The next step, landscape perforation, is the creation of small openings in the forest when houses and other buildings are being built along the roads. As we experience exurban sprawl, with housing built in rural areas away from the traditional suburban belts, we can observe this landscape perforation. The next step is fragmentation proper, where the open areas merge together, and the originally large expanses of forest get broken up into disconnected pieces. The last stage is called attrition, happens when development further gnaws away at the remaining habitat pieces, making them smaller. The scattered, small woodlots dotting agricultural fields in the Midwest are an example of the pattern that follows the process of landscape attrition. The Effects of Fragmentation It is surprisingly difficult to measure the effects of fragmentation on wildlife, in great part because fragmentation occurs at the same time as habitat loss. The process of breaking up existing habitat into disconnected pieces automatically involves a reduction in the habitat area. Nevertheless, accumulated scientific evidence points to some clear effects, among which: Increased isolation. Much of what we learned from the effects of isolation on habitat fragments comes from our study of island systems. As patches of habitat are no longer connected, and the further apart they become, the lower the biodiversity in these â€Å"island† patches. It is natural for some species to disappear temporarily from habitat patches, but when the patches are far apart from one another, animals and plants cannot easily come back and recolonize. The net result is a lower number of species, and therefore an ecosystem that is missing some of its components.Smaller habitat patches. Many species need a minimum patch size, and fragmented sections of forest are not large enough. Large carnivores notoriously need large amounts of space, and are often the first ones to disappear during the fragmentation process. Black-throated blue warbler territories are much smaller, but they need to be established within forest stands at least several hundred acres in size.  Nega tive edge effects. As habitat gets fragmented into smaller pieces, the amount of edge increases. Edge is where two different land covers, for example a field and a forest, meet. Fragmentation increases the edge-to-area ratio. These edges affect conditions a significant distance into the forest. For example, light penetration into the forest creates drier soil conditions, winds damage trees, and invasive species presence increases. Many bird species that need interior forest habitat will stay away from the edges, where opportunist predators like raccoons abound. Ground nesting songbirds like wood thrush are very sensitive to edges. Positive edge effects. For a whole suite of species, though, edges are good. Fragmentation has increased the density of small predators and generalists like raccoons, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Whitetail deer enjoy the proximity of forest cover to fields where they can forage. A notorious brood parasite, the brown-headed cowbird, responds positively to edge, as it can then better access forest birds’ nest to lay their own eggs. The host bird will then raise the cowbird’s young. Here, edges are good for the cowbird, but certainly not for the unsuspecting host.