E-commerce and its Importance in Business Research Proposal - 1

E-commerce and its Importance in Business - Research Proposal Example At the end of the entire study and based on the conclusion, few recommendations will be also provided to further improve the process or how organizations, as well as consumers, can make effective use of it. Â  With the rapid development of networking technologies during the early 1990’s human being witnessed the commercialization of internet services (Kalakota and Whinston, 1996, p.147). From that era organizations across the globe started to incorporate the internet into their system of operations in order to gain competitive advantage and to create a core competency for themselves (Reynolds, 2004, p.5). At the same time that is in the early 1990s, the concept of e-commerce was also introduced (Kurth, 2011, p.6). Earlier E-commerce was considered to be a core competency for the organizations, however, at present, it has become a necessity to survive in the marketplace (Ardisana, 2000). Â  Electronic commerce or what is commonly known as e-commerce is an application which facilitates online selling and buying of goods and services (Zhou, 2004, p.56). It offers facilities such as online fund transfer, electronic data exchange (EDI), and online marketing among others. The major advantages of using e-commerce are the maximization of speed in the context of service delivery, reduction in the overall cost and also quicker response to the customers (Rajaraman, 2010, p.12). Electronic commerce also plays a crucial role in the online payment process. Online payment method refers to the process of directly transferring funds to the seller’s bank account (Radu, 2003, p.2). The biggest advantage of an online payment option is that it instantly completes the entire process of payment.

A Clausewitzian Analysis of the Thirty Year’s War Essay Example for Free

A Clausewitzian Analysis of the Thirty Year’s War Essay When applying the Clausewitzian paradoxical trinity paradigm to the Thirty Year’s War, we see that the catalyst that sparked much of the conflict during that time was driven by civil unrest of the ‘People’ engendered by fear of religious persecution. Beginning with the divergence of religious and secular leadership resulting from the Protestant Reformation which was exacerbated by the rigidity of Catholic monarchy, we see how widespread fomenting dissent within the German States lead to the decline of the Habsburg ruling family. In his work, On War, Clausewitz describes the essence of war as a continual interplay between the ‘paradoxical trinity’ of the people, the government, and the military. As we apply this framework to the complex and varied influences of the early 17th century, this model provides clarity in determining the root causes that shaped this era an era that has come to be characterized by the rampant internecine warfare of religious and political factions of the time. The Protestant Reformation, which had begun to take traction with many of the expansion-minded German nobility, set the stage for the conflict between Catholic and Protestant factions throughout the German Provinces. With the signing of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, Lutheranism had been officially recognized by the Holy Roman Empire. The major outcome of this treaty enabled the Protestant movement in Germany to claim lands once belonging to the Catholics. This result had great appeal to the more secular rulers throughout Europe who sought to disentangle themselves from papal oversight and influence. Under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor Mathias, Protest and Catholic factions had gained equity of representation and influence throughout the Hapsburg controlled regions. This unification was driven, in part, by the larger Muslim threat presented by the Ottoman Empire. This truce, however, was an uneasy one with all the characteristics of a 17th century Cold War between the two religious sects, and as the balance shifted with the rise of a new monarch, each side began an arms race to defend their interests from the other. The appointment of the intransigent Catholic monarch, Ferdinand II, posed a threat to Protestants throughout the various Habsburg controlled territories. Religious hegemony of individual States was the preferred condition of German rulers in the early 17th century. The religion of the ruler shall be the religion of his subjects† was a motto that was very near and dear to many of the European rulers of the day. This rang especially true among the Catholic territories where the Church exercised much greater political influence than their Protestant counterparts. So when the balance of Protestant and Catholic controlled States was disrupted with the ascension of Ferdinand II a widely acknowledged Catholic zealot to the throne of Bohemia it brought a face to the fears of the Protestant nobility. In an effort to limit his religious edicts, the Protestant Bohemians entreated for religious freedoms of their newly throned monarch. The harsh dismissal of these entreaties was the spark that ignited the powder keg that Central Europe had become, and the subsequent â€Å"Defenestration of Prague† resulting in the death of Ferdinand’s representatives by Protestant rebels signaled the start of uprisings in Hungary, Transylvania, and the rest of Bohemia. This uprising spread throughout Europe, drawing in both political and religious powers to become decisively engaged. The unresolved religious dissent among the people and the Habsburg ruler served as a lodestone for conflict throughout Europe and lead ultimately to the decline of the Holy Roman Empire into several small autonomous territories. Early successes by the Hapsburg against the Bohemians, and later the Palatinate States, led to the direct involvement of France and Holland allying against the Hapsburgs. Their efforts were later supported by England, Sweden, Denmark, Savoy and Venice. These State actors all had their own agendas but ostensibly acted in support of the Protestant rebellion whose secular distancing from Church control appealed to both the ruling classes and commoners alike. The war ravaged the German countryside and some estimates have nearly half of the population were killed, wounded, or displaced, with some areas such as Wurttemberg losing nearly 75% of their population. The Peace of Westphalia which was signed in the fall of 1648 signified the end of the war. Alsace became part of France, while Sweden gained much of the German Baltic coast, while the Emperor had to recognize the sovereign rights of the German princes, and equality between Protestant and Catholic states, while Spain, in a separate peace, finally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic. † The Habsburg crown was now, more than ever, subject to the auspices of the Imperial Diet, also termed the Reichstag or German Parliament, which exists to this day. When viewing the root cause of the Thirty Year’s War under the Clausewitzian perspective, we see that the â€Å"People† node of the paradoxical trinity was the most influential during that time. This war is often termed the War of Religion as religion was either the root cause of conflict, or the excuse used to mask political machination in efforts to expand power and influence. But in truth, religion was merely the vehicle by which contention among the commoners and landowners took shape to facilitate change of the current governmental structure. Upon the conclusion of the war, after the smoke had cleared and the damage was tallied, Habsburg power was irrevocably shattered and France emerged as the new epicenter of European influence and might. But the consequences extended beyond the immediate outcomes of the war. The resulting Peace of Westphalia changed the very relationships between citizens and the State, extricating religion from the government and laying the foundation for modern civic relationships of today’s democracies.

Micro Operations Microinstruction Micro Program Micro Code

Micro Operations Microinstruction Micro Program Micro Code Each microinstruction in a microprogram provides the bits which control the functional elements that internally compose a CPU. The advantage over a hard-wired CPU is that internal CPU control becomes a specialized form of a computer program. Microcode thus transforms a complex electronic design challenge (the control of a CPU) into a less-complex programming challenge. Microcode is a layer of hardware-level instructions and/or data structures involved in the implementation of higher level machine code instructions in many computers and other processors; it resides in a special high-speed memory and translates machine instructions into sequences of detailed circuit-level operations. It helps separate the machine instructions from the underlying electronics so that instructions can be designed and altered more freely. It also makes it feasible to build complex multi-step instructions while still reducing the complexity of the electronic circuitry compared to other methods. Writing microcode is often called microprogramming and the microcode in a particular processor implementation is sometimes called a microprogram. Microcode can be characterized as horizontal or vertical. This refers primarily to whether each microinstruction directly controls CPU elements (horizontal microcode), or requires subsequent decoding by combinational logic before doing so (vertical microcode). Consequently each horizontal microinstruction is wider (contains more bits) and occupies more storage space than a vertical microinstruction. Modern microcode is normally written by an engineer during the processor design phase and stored in a ROM and/or PLA structure, although machines exist which have some writable microcode in SRAM or flash memory. Microcode is generally not visible or changeable by a normal programmer, not even by an assembly programmer. Some hardware vendors, especially IBM, use the term as a synonym for firmware, so that all code in a device, whether microcode or machine code, is termed microcode (such as in a hard drive for instance, which typically contain both). Microcode was originally developed as a simpler method of developing the control logic for a computer. Initially CPU instruction sets were hard wired. Each step needed to fetch, decode and execute the machine instructions (including any operand address calculations, reads and writes) was controlled directly by combinatorial logic and rather minimal sequential state machine circuitry. While very efficient, the need for powerful instruction sets with multi-step addressing and complex operations (see below) made such hard-wired processors difficult to design and debug; highly encoded and varied-length instructions can contribute to this as well, especially when very irregular encodings are used. Q.2. How Information Technology can be used for strategic advantages in business? Ans.: All the advantages and disadvantages of information technology, it is essential that we know what information technology is exactly, and why it has it come to play such a important role in our daily lives. Today information technology involves more than just computer literacy; it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used not just for information processing but also for communications and problem solving tasks as well. Globalization IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the worlds economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other. Communication With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. Cost effectiveness Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Bridging the cultural gap Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice. More time IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle. Creation of new jobs Probably the best advantage of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some of the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT. Q.3.What Characteristics of software make it different from other engineering products? Ans.: A large number of software standards have been developed concerned with software products and processes, terminology and more general fraework standards. While the need for software standards is not disputed, it is felt that many standards fail to take into account the essential differences, and occasionally the similarities, between software products and processes and other engineering products and processes. Ideally, standards should be useful, testable and represent a consensus view. It appears that some software standards fall significantly short of these objectives. Further progress in developing useful software standards requires a better understanding of the potential benefits which standards have, and do not have, to offer the software industry. The relevant issues are discussed and the next steps which should be taken in developing software standards suggested. Q.4. What are different addressing modes available? Ans.: Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how machine language instructions in that architecture identify the operand (or operands) of each instruction. An addressing mode specifies how to calculate the effective memory address of an operand by using information held in registers and/or constants contained within a machine instruction or elsewhere. In computer programming, addressing modes are primarily of interest to compiler writers and to those who write code directly in assembly language Absolute +-++ |jump| address | +-++ (Effective PC address = address) The effective address for an absolute instruction address is the address parameter itself with no modifications. Absolute/Direct ++++ | load | reg | address | ++++ (Effective address = address as given in instruction) This requires space in an instruction for quite a large address. Register +++++ | mul | reg1| reg2| reg3| reg1 := reg2 * reg3; +++++ This addressing mode does not have an effective address and is not considered to be an addressing mode on some computers. In this example, all the operands are in registers, and the result is placed in a register. Immediate/literal ++++-+ | add | reg1| reg2| constant | reg1 := reg2 + constant; ++++-+ This addressing mode does not have an effective address, and is not considered to be an addressing mode on some computers. The constant might be signed or unsigned. Implicit ++ | clear carry bit | ++ The implied addressing mode does not explicitly specify an effective address for either the source or the destination (or sometimes both). Either the source (if any) or destination effective address (or sometimes both) is implied by the opcode. Indexed absolute +++++ | load | reg |index| address | +++++ (Effective address = address + contents of specified index register) This also requires space in an instruction for quite a large address. The address could be the start of an array or vector, and the index could select the particular array element required. The processor may scale the index register to allow for the size of each array element. PART à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬B Q.5. How will you differentiate b/w Arrays and Stacks?Explain by giving an example. Ans: There are two main differences between an array and a stack. Firstly, an array can be multi-dimensional, while a stack is strictly one-dimensional. Secondly, an array allows direct access to any of its elements, whereas with a stack, only the top element is directly accessible; to access other elements of a stack, we must go through them in order, until we get to the one we want. Q.6. How Assembler differs from Complier? Ans.: An Assembler converts Assembly instructions into executable machine language. A Compiler converts higher level programming language instructions into Assembly instructions, and then those are turned into executable machine language. Most Compilers allow generation of object code, which is the Assembly instruction set generated by the Compiler. Some older Compilers allow for the Assembly instructions to be fine tuned by the programmer. Compiled programming languages typically generate many lines of Assembly instructions for each program statement. Some programming languages, such as ANSI C, are very close to Assembly, while others such as Java, result in many Assembly instructions per program statement. Most Compilers are highly optimized and it would be difficult for a human programmer to improve the efficiency of the output. Assembly level instructions are very difficult for someone not trained on Assembly to read and comprehend. Q.7. Out of Linear and Binary Search ,which one is preferred where and why? Ans.: Binary Search, because in Binary Search code take less no. of execution and it save time. But, in linear search it executes full time whenever search may give result. A binary search is an algorithm for locating the position of an element in a sorted list. It inspects the middle element of the sorted list: if equal to the sought value, then the position has been found; otherwise, the upper half or lower half is chosen for further searching based on whether the sought value is greater than or less than the middle element. The method reduces the number of elements needed to be checked by a factor of two each time, and finds the sought value if it exists in the list or if not determines not present, in logarithmic time. A binary search is a dichotomist divide and conquer search algorithm.

Essay --

Linsay Mae Peralta Period 7 February 14,2014 Mexican Independence Have you ever thought of something you're so curious about? Something that your curiosity runs completely insane because you need the full information or a full story about what really happened or how did it happen? Well I did, when a research paper was assigned about Spanish Culture I was only Interested into one topic and that’s the History or background oh how the Mexican People receive their Independence. Like how America had it’s own story of its independence. Independence is about Freedom, the freedom to do what you want or to be who you are. Well like any other culture independence was very important to the Spanish people, I believe its a celebration way bigger than an event like Cinco De Mayo. I believe it’s one of the most important events for the Spanish people, and here’s why! In the course of the nineteenth century, the country Mexico was somewhat impacted or influence by the United States and the European country of France as they also took a rebellion for there freedom. They began to organize and planned a rebellion in contact with Spain. There were many people who took a big impact in this rebellion. One of the well-known person who took a big impact in this rebellion was a priest in a catholic church name father Miguel Hidalgo, he was from Dolores, Mexico. Father Hidalgo was the center of this rebellion for he was one of the top leaders of the rebellion in contact with Spain. As days and time passed by father Hidalgo and his followers of this rebellion in the year of 1810 were on the move of planning a rebellion against the country of Spain. Rumors were spread out throughout the people about this revolt. Which then led to the Spanish gov... ...ple all over Mexico say the exact same thing all over Mexico. The crowd is filled with confetti and many whistles and horns everywhere on this day Mexico is filled with joy and laughter. The people are very happy as they shout and scream as they are very also thankful for their Independence to this day. The Independence for every country is one of the remarkable days of all countries and its people. For Mexico it is also one of the most important dates there is to hold for the country something to cherish and be thankful about. It is a day full of happiness for all people in Mexico have the freedom to themselves around others and in the environment they live in. I’m glad I did a research on the Mexican Independence I learn many things from the good to the bad and more good! I’ve learned a lot from writing a research a paper on it I hope you did too!

Prejudice and Discrimination in Philadelphia Essay

Philadelphia is a movie which demonstrates not only the cold-blooded and hypocritical members of corporate society, but the indignities and prejudices that people living with AIDS have to go through. This movie was set in an era when homosexuality was not socially accepted and not many people were educated on the disease AIDS. Andrew Beckett, a Philadelphia lawyer who has been keeping his homosexuality, and his AIDS, hidden from his conservative bosses. He is a good worker and is respected in the workplace until one day he’s suddenly and inexplicably fired. Andrew suspects AIDS is the reason, and is determined to fight in court, even as he is losing his other battle, against the disease. Beckett hires attorney Joe Miller to represent him. Joe Miller is a homophobe and has to first overcome these fears of gays. Andrew Beckett’s ex Boss, Charles Wheeler, a sickening, prejudice man who resembles the most disgusting corporate boss there is: The corporate boss, who pretends to be friends with his coworkers or clients, only to stab them in the back later. He will do only anything to benefit himself and get to the top of the business. At the beginning, Wheeler pretends to be Andy’s friend, heck he even asks him for legal advice on a special antitrust case called †Highlight vs. Sander Systems†. Andy Beckett’s becomes fired, from the job, once they find out he has aids, but try to make it look he was fired for other reasons. The movie also greatly shows the prejudices, and misconception people have about aids. Another scene that shows people ignorance and prejudice towards AIDS and homosexuals is the library scene in which Andrew Beckett is conducting research for his AIDS case against the law firm that illegally fired him. The librarian first asks Andy Beckett, if he would be more comfortable in a study room, but then it becomes evident that the ignorant librarian is telling not asking Andy Beckett to go to another room because she is uneducated on the disease and fears she might catch it. Andrew being, a very proud man, refuses showing his true dignity even while having AIDS. At the time Andrew Beckett’s lawyer Joe Miller was there and saw this happening, although he was hiding behind a pile of books. He realised Andrew needed him to help protect his rights. The lawyer took the book Andy was holding out of his hand to show the librarian he was not afraid getting the disease by touching something Andrew had touched. During the court case, Joe Miller brings up the point of homosexuality against Andrew’s old company in defence, he brings up the points of how society don’t accept AIDS and homosexuals. In the end Andrew and Joe win the case and get money in damages, although Andrew is dying, he is happy to see that they won the case and raised awareness of AIDS.

External influences Essay

Three ways in which an increase in unemployment might affect Hacker PLC are Organisation, Payments, and Government spending. Organisation – Unemployment can have a number of effect on the internal organisation of a business. It may mean that the firm can no longer afford to recruit new members of staff because of low demand for its products. New, often young, recruits to a firm will no longer be coming through. In addition, new posts which arise may be filled through retraining of existing staff rather than recruitment. This can lead to significant changes in the age profile of an organisation’s employees. Redundancies are also a common feature of a period of high unemployment. Whilst the work of some who are made redundant will not be replaced, the responsibilities and roles of others may be added to the job description of those who remain within the firm. This can lead to increasing demands on existing employees. During periods of high unemployment, some firms reorganise their internal structure. This may mean the loss of a whole tier in the hierarchy or the changing of individual’s job description. Payments – Businesses may be faced with making redundancy payments to workers. These tend to vary between firms depending upon the average length of service of the employee. The cost of reorganisation caused by redundancies will also have to be borne by firms. Such costs may include lost productivity after a reorganisation as employees struggle to cope with new responsibilities. It may be easier for firms to recruit new employees during a period of high unemployment. This is because there is a large pool of people to choose from, with more applicants for each available post. In addition, because of the increased competition for new jobs, people may be prepared to work for less money. In this way firms can lower their labour costs. Government spending – High levels of unemployment mean that government spending on social security will be high. Also, the government will lose revenue from tax and National insurance contributions which people would have paid had they been in employment. To male up for this the government may borrow, increase taxation or reduce other items of spending. 8. Structural unemployment can offer UK businesses the opportunities of new methods of productions and competition from overseas. The business benefits from the changing of pattern of demands because this means that because the business may make use of modern technology/machinery, there will be less human intervene required. This is a benefit has the business is reducing its labour costs and total costs. This is a benefit because although this means that redundancy will be made and high labour turn over will be made, at least the business will be able to keep the money spent on labour and enjoy greater profits. Secondly, the business may be gain an opportunity from this because an encouragement can be made to foreign producers to establish their businesses in UK. This will benefit the firm because it means the firm can negotiate with the government to receive grants and support with the establishment of the business, as the firm can provide employment to people and possibly to those people as well with skills not needed by domestic businesses. 15. The likely implications for the government trying to reduce the unemployment are that in Cyclical employment the business may suffer from the falling sales. In the short term, the businesses may be able to add any surplus production to stocks. Alternatively, businesses may seek new market, perhaps overseas. However, not all businesses may suffer from the changes in unemployment, whilst suppliers of luxury products could suffer substantial reduction in sales. Secondly, in structural unemployment the effects on the businesses can be severe because it’s often highly localised and very persistent. If there is need to a reduce output, then rationalisation and redundancy might follow and factories and offices may be closed. Research and development plans may be abandoned or postponed as firms seek to reduce their costs to match their reduced revenues. The predicted fall in the level of demand may encourage the firms to diversify.

Coping with the reaction to your film essays

Coping with the reaction to your film essays Quite commonly during the edit when your program is evolving there is a big difference between what you intend to achieve with a particular scene, sequence or order of these and what a person watching this material for the first time will understand from it. If you keep your production totally to yourself during the whole edit C holding off showing it to any third party until its all  ¡Ã‚ °nice and polished ¡ - the chances are you might build lots of confusing elements into you program. You will get very upset when they point out that it just does not work or that they didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t understand what you thought you were conveying. Your ego is all locked up in this particular edit or even finished program and they say you are wrong or confusing them. With this secretive approach you may well have used up most of your edit schedule and budget before you discover the film is not doing what you think it is. It is well worth while to constantly trying out your evolving edits on respected colleagues or even family [as well of course of actually hearing the feedback of the commissioning editor who has the power to insist] . You know everything about the subject. Your ultimate audience might know nothing about it and will see it only once at 25 frame per second. You need to constantly test whether your intentions are being achieved as you form the structure and refine the program ¡Ã‚ ¯s  ¡story ¡Ã‚ ¯. The key to successfully using this process is to quiz your test audience/s on what they are comprehending and when or if confused at any point C NOT how they would cut it. You are not editing by committee, just seeking reliable feedback as to whether your intentions are working. If you do this throughout the edit and address any concerns and confusions raised in these sessions, by the time your program is complete you are confident that the film is achieving what you want it to with an audience. You can be more relaxed about any criti ...